Indian Railway Budget 2013-2014

After 17 years, A Congress Minister is presenting Rail Budget.Pawan Kumar is Now in Parliament with his Budget and We are Now Giving you the Latest Update from the Rail Budget of 2013-14.As We Know Rail is very Much Essential for the Growth of the Nation.


Key Points in Rail Budget 2013-14

• More Steps taken Towards Security and Fire Related Incidents.
• 24600 Crore Loss to Railway in last Fiscal year.
• Women Security will be Given to Women RPF, More Womens Police will be Recurited.
• More things will be Provide on 104 Railway Stations for Hygeine.
• Rail budget of 2013-14 is of 5.19 Lakh Crore Rupees.
• Delhi, New Delhi and Nizzamudin Stations Will be Revamped.
• Anubhuti Coaches will be Launched.
• Many benefits will be Given to Handicapped People.
• 6 More Rail Neer Botteling Plants will be Set Up.
• 10,700 Level Crossing will be Eliminated
• Railway E-ticketing Will be Provided through Mobile Phones
• New Ticketing System will be Rolled out on IRCTC Website.
• No More Hangs will be on IRCTC Website — Rail Minister
• Food Testing Laborataries will be there to test Pantries.
• Wi-fi Services Will be Provided to Users in Some Trains.
• Executive Lounges will be Launched in 7 Railway Stations.
• 180011321 Number is Setup to Send Feedback to Railway.
• 23 Hours Internet Booking from Now On.Only one hour Stop will be there
• New Footover Bridges at some Railway Stations.
• Railway Coach Factory at Sonipat.
• 1.25 Lakh New Jobs in Indian Railway this Year.
• Railway Financial management Institute in Sikandarabad.
• Wheels will be Manufactured in Rai Barelly Factory.
• Exemptions to Some Awardees in Rajdhani in Shatabdi Trains.
• No plastic in Railway Catering.

Railway Budget 2013 Announced

*. No Direct increase in passenger fares, Surcharges Will Apply in two times of Year.

* Railways will absorb Rs 850 crore on account of no hike in passenger fare

*. Marginal increase in reservation charges, cancellation charge

*. Supplementary charges for superfast trains and tatkal booking 

* 26 new passenger trains to be launched and 67 express trains to be launched

*. 500-km new lines to be completed in 2013-14
*. Concessional fare for sports persons

*. 5 per cent average increase in freight
*. Diesel price hike added R 3,300 crore to fuelbill of Railways

*. Railways hopes to end 2013-14 with a balance of R 12,506 crore
*. 5.2 per cent growth in passenger traffic expected in 2013-14

*. Railways’ freight loading traffic scaled down by 100 million tonnes from 1025 million tonnes because of economic slowdown
*. Railways to set up a Debt Service Fund

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Kawazu Nanadaru Loop Bridge Photos - Japan

How do you build a bridge on a mountainside when the grade is so steep that a linear ramp isn’t possible? Build a loop, and if one is not enough, build two. This is what engineers did when the built the Kawazu-Nanadaru Loop Bridge, also known as the Japanese Double loop spiral, in Kawazu, Japan. This double spiral brings cars up and down a full 45 meters while being seemingly suspended in a valley between two mountainsides. The spirals measure 80m in diameter and the whole ramp section is 1.1km long.

The bridge on Highway 414 between Tokyo and the Izu peninsular was finished in 1982 and has become a well known landmark.

Introduction to CSS

Cascading style sheet (CSS) is a language used to describe the presentation criteria of mark up language documents. CSS is recent addition to html.

CSS are the  way of controlling the way the browser displays the page. the most common function of CSS is to style the web pages written in Htm land Xhtml. It consists the basic rules which tells the browser how to represent the document. primarily CSS was designed to separate the document content from document presentation using  layouts ,font, colors. CSS will be a welcome feature that will save lot of time spend on repetitive stylingof document as it defined set of rules .

CSS allows same mark up page to be presented in different styles. If there will be more than one rules to apply to a particular element then CSS specifies the priority schemes to determine which particular rule is applied. CSS specifications are maintained by world wide web consortium (w3c). The popularity of CSS  design tool increased day by day as a  first tool to design web site. 

Prior to CSS HTML mark up contains presentational   attributes used for styling like font colors ,alignment,  borders etc.  prior CSS too much adding of style

attributes to html document ,makes document complex . therefore CSS is developed to over come the problem of html formatting.

According to CSS there are three ways of adding style to the markup document....

•  Inline sheets,
•  Embedded style sheet,
•  Link style sheet.

By using these style sheets CSS defines how the html elements are to be displayed. styles are normally saved  in external. css files. External filesenables you to change the appearance and layout of all the pages in a web site ,by editing single line.

One of the goal of CSS is to allow users control over presentation. someone who find difficult to read existing text in red color can change the color of text as per his/her requirement. user can view the website in its browsers default setting.    

Introduction Of XML| What is XML?

XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a specification developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).it is very flexible text format derived from SGML (ISO 8879). Originally designed to meet the challenges of large-scale electronic publishing, XML is also playing an increasingly important role in the exchange of a wide variety of data on the Web and elsewhere. It is a markup language much like HTML used to describe data. In XML, tags are not predefined. A user defines his own tags and XML document structure like Document Type Definition (DTD) , XML Schema to describe the data. Hence it is self-descriptive too .There is Nothing Special About XML It is just plain text with the addition of some XML tags enclosed in angle brackets. In a simple text editor, the XML document is easily visible .

Document Type Definition :Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements and attributes. A DTD can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference.

XML Schema :XML Schema is an XML-based alternative to DTDs. It describes the structure of an XML document. The XML Schema language is also referred to as XML Schema Definition (XSD).

"Well Formed" :XML document is a document that conforms to the XML syntax rules.

"Valid" XML document is a "Well Formed" XML document, which also conforms to the rules of a Document Type Definition (DTD)

History Of XML

XML was developed  to overcome the shortcomings of its two predecessors, HTML  and SGML which were both very successful markup languages, but which were both restricted in certain ways.



SGML, the international standard for marking up data, has been used since the 1980's. SGML is an extremely powerful and extensible tool for semantic markup which is particularly useful for cataloging and indexing data. Like XML, SGML can be used to create an infinite number of markup languages and has a host of other resources as well. However, SGML is complex, especially for the everyday uses of the web. Moreover, SGML is expensive. Adding SGML capability to a word processor could double or triple the price. Finally, the commercial browsers do not intend to ever support SGML.

HTML on the other hand was free, simple and widely supported. HTML was originally designed to provide a very simple version of SGML which could be used by regular people. However, HTML had serious defects.

XML So in 1996, discussions began which focused on how to define a markup language with the power and extensibility of SGML but with the simplicity of HTML. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) decided to sponsor a group of SGML gurus including Jon Bosak from Sun. Essentially, Bosak and his team did to SGML what the Java team had done to C++. All of the non-essential, unused, cryptic parts of SGML were sliced away. What remained was a lean, mean marking up machine: XML. The specification of XML (written mostly by Tim Bray and C.M. Sperberg-McQueen) was only 26 pages as opposed to the 500+ pages of the SGML specification! Nevertheless, all the useful things which could be done by SGML, could also be done with XML.

XML

Over the next few years, XML evolved, drawing from the work of its sponsors and the work of developers solving similar problems such as Peter Murray-Rust who had been working on CML (Chemical Markup Language) and the consortium of folks working on MathML. By mid 1997 The eXtensible Linking Language XLL project was underway and by the summer of 1997, Microsoft had launched the Channel Definition Format (CDF) as one of the first real-world applications of XML.

Finally, in 1998, the W3C approved Version 1.0 of the XML specification and a new language was born.

Why HTML?

HTML stands for hyper text markup language .It is a markup language not a programming language . it is easy to understand .it is easy to build a website using html because html provides everything for building a website from  tables, to forms ,  frames  and along with Javascript it provide validity to forms .to get inputs from users the html works with java script. XML is another mark up language which works with HTML and validate thedata base .html needs no special software because it runs on browser .therefore it is cheap to build a website using HTML.

HTML provides various elements and attributes which are easy to understand . web browser reads the html documents and display them  over web pages.

HTML is flexible language almost every browser can support it. Html provide various features like embedded objects and images to create interactive forms. so, there are various reasons to use Html.

  

ADVANTAGES OF HTML

HTML has various advantages few of them are listed below

EASY TO USE

HTML is a language which is  easy to  use and to understand for new programmer. all elements and attributes of html are easily under stable.

FLEXIBLE 

Loose syntaxes of HTML makes it flexible almost every browser can support it.

WIDELY USED

As it easy to use it is use to build almost every website.

FREE TO USE  

No special software is required to buy for HTML as it is run on browser.

CASCADING STYLE SHEET

HTML has a feature of using cascading style sheets

It is used to design ,align elements and text. Cascading Style Sheets design what HTML has made .Cascading Style Sheets can not be used alone.

it is used with HTML .  

DISADVANTAGES OF HTML

It cannot produce dynamic output as it is static language.

Sometimes the structuring of HTML document is hard to understand.

Security features offered by HTML are limited. 

Components of HTML

There are three foundational components of HTML.

• Tags
• Attributes
• Values

TAGS

The main part of HTML command is tag (technically it is referred as elements) HTML documents are defined by HTML elements.

Tag is a identity of html tag says to "do this". modifications makes tag powerful. and these modifications are done by attributes.

There are general rules about html tags...

1.All standard tags are contained within the less than(<) and greater than(>) symbols as follows

called opening tag.

2.There are no space between the the symbols and the tags .as follows

3.Add a forward slash before the tag to denote the tag closure. as follows

called closing tag.

4.There must be closing for every opening tag.

ATTRIBUTES

Attributes modify the action of tags. some tags works properly without attributes but some requires attributes for function. as

tag and its companion closing tag needs no attribute because this is just to  tell about the  beginning  of html document and ending of it.

but tag and its companion tag needs attribute because this tag denotes the area of  html document that will be viewed within the browser .attributes are often whole words some times they are partial words. whole word attributes include align ,link, color and face.

partial word examples are src for "source" ,and "vlink" for visited links  .

VALUES

Values are the defining aspects of attributes and they modify the tags. several values for align tag are left ,right ,center and justify.

let us understand it in terms of font a font requires some size and some color .the value which we pass for color and size are called the

values for the attributes size and color.

eg. this is some text

here is a tag

size and color are the attributes and 3 and red are the values of attributes.

here is the example to understand the difference between tag ,attribute and values

Difference Between HTML And DHTML?

HTML:

1. Html stands for Hyper Text Markup language.
2. The pages of the site do not require any special
processing from the server side before they go to the
browser. Means the pages are always the same for all
visitors - static.
3. html does not allow any kind of features.
4. Html sites going solely upon client-side technologies.
5. HTML is a language.
6. HTML documents describe web pages, contain HTML tags and
plain text.

DHTML:

1. Dhtml stands for Dynamic Hyper Text Markup language.
2. DHTML uses client side scripting to change variables in
the presentation which affects the look and function of an
otherwise static page.
3. DHTML allows us some extra features.
4. Dhtml sites going fast upon client-side technologies.
5. DHTML is not a language or a web standard.
6. DHTML is the art of combining HTML, JavaScript, DOM,

Introduction Of HTML,What HTML stands for?

HTML stand for Hyper Text Markup Language :

Hyper is the opposite of linear. It used to be that computer programs had to move in a linear fashion. This before this, this before this, and so on.
HTML does not hold to that pattern and allows the person viewing the World Wide Web page to go anywhere, any time they want.
Text is what you will use. English letters, just like you use everyday..
Markup is what you will do. You will write in plain English and then mark up what you wrote.
Language. Some may argue that technically html is a code, but you write html in plain, everyday English language.

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. Developed by scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is the "hidden" code that helps us communicate with others on the World Wide Web (WWW).

When writing HTML, you add "tags" to the text in order to create the structure. These tags tell the browser how to display the text or graphics in the document.

As It is explained in the Venn diagram XHTML is a subset of HTML and XML.
XHTML combines the flexibility of HTML with the extensibility of XML.

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